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金融论文常用计算公式,看着一篇就够了

金融论文计算公式

最近几年,金融类专业成为留学生学习的热门专业。现在我们国家的经济在向前发展,人们生活水平在不断提高,社会的发展离不开金融。很多学生看到了金融行业的发展前景,于是打算申请金融类专业。金融类专业属于高层次应用经济学,着力于研究金融市场、现代金融机构、整个金融机制的运动法则。金融类专业需要学习数学,包括线性代数、微积分、计量学、统筹学、运筹学、微积分等,这些都是专业课程来的,需要学生们好好掌握数学方面的知识。此外,留学生们还需要学习统计学、财政学、计量学、金融学等等。如果数学和金融计算不会的话,稍微一个不留神,就很容易挂科。很多学习金融类专业的毕业生都会吐槽道课程里涉及计算的部分学习不好的话,就会成为一个硬伤,要是挂科严重的话,那么就会影响到毕业。所以金融专业的学生需要了解并熟练运用金融专业常用的计算公式,避免或减少挂科的概率。本文,君道论文的小编就和留学生们说一下金融专业常会用到的计算公式,帮助同学们更好的学习金融专业的课程。

首先我们来学习Activity Ratios(营运效率比率)。

营运效率用来体现企业经营期间的资产从投入到产出的流转速度,可以反映企业资产的管理质量和利用效率。资产流转速度是衡量企业营运效率的主要指标。资产周转速度越快,表明资产可供运用的机会越多,使用效率越高,反之则表示资产利用效率越差。通过对运营效率比率进行分析,可以了解企业的营业状况及经营管理水平。在供、产、销各环节中,销售有着特殊的意义。因为产品只有销售出去,才能实现其价值,收回最初投入的资金,顺利地完成一次资金流转。这样,就可以通过产品销售情况与企业资金占用量来分析企业的资产流转状况,评价企业的营运效率。

通常情况下,营运效率比率可以分成两类:一类是短期比率,这类比率主要考察存货和应收账款两部分的使用效率,因为它们是流动资产中的主体部分,又是流动性相对较弱的;另一类是长期比率,主要指的是总资产周转率(Total asset turnover),考察的是企业账面上所有资产的使用效率。常用的财务杠杆比率主要有存货周转率、应收账款周转率、资产周转率。

1)存货周转率

存货周转率显示了企业在一年或者一个经营周期内存货的周转次数。年均存货通常是指年内期初存货和期末存货的算术平均数。其公式为:

存货周转率=年销售成本/年均存货

存货周转率越大,说明存货销售、变现所用的时间越短,存货管理效率越髙。利用存货周转率,我们很快可以算出存货周转一次平均要花多长时间,这就是存货周转天数,其公式为:

存货周转天数=365天/存货周转率

2)应收账款周转率

应收账款周转率则告诉我们能够以多快的速度收回销售收入,显示了企业在一年或一个经营周期内,应收账款的周转次数。其公式为:

应收账款周转率=销售收入/年均应收账款

应收账款周转率越大,说明应收账款变现、销售收入收回的速度所需的时间越短。利用应收账款周转率,我们也很快可以算出收回一次应收账款平均要花多长时间,这就是应收账款周转天数,其公式为:

应收账款周转天数=365天/应收账款周转率

3)总资产周转率

总资产周转率衡量的是一家企业所有资产的使用效率,它的计算公式是:

总资产周转率=年销售收入/年均总资产

这里的年均总资产也是企业年内期初资产和期末资产的算术平均数。总资产周转率越大,说明企业的销售能力越强,资产利用效率越髙。

其次,我们需要学习Liquidity Ratios(流动性比率

流动性比率是用来衡量企业短期偿债能力的比率(Ratios derived from the balance sheet that measure how easily a firm can pay its debts)。流动比率大于2,企业也可以足额偿付其短期债务;速动比率大于1时,企业才能维持较好的财务稳定状况和短期偿债能力。这里有两个关键的ratios需要计算用以指导the liquidity position of a business,即流动比率(current ratio)和速动比率(quick ratio)。这两个比率是目前判断企业短期偿债能力最常用的两个财务指标,前者是指企业流动资产与流动负债的比,后者是指企业速动资产与流动负债的比,公式如下。

The current ratio=current assets/current liabilities(流动比率=流动资产/流动负债)(一般为2/1)

The quick ratio=quick assets/current liabilities(速动比率=速动资产/流动负债) (一般为1/1)

其中速动资产(quick assets)=流动资产-存货(current assets less stock)

1)流动比率

流动比率(current ratio)指流动资产总额和流动负债总额之比。公式为流动比率=流动比率=流动资产/流动负债×100%。这个比率一般标准为200%,根据企业经营规模,行业种类不同可以在140%以上为宜。流动资产,是指企业可以在一年或者超过一年的一个营业周期内变现或者运用的资产,主要包括货币资金、短期投资、应收票据、应收账款和存货等。流动负债,也叫短期负债,是指将在一年或者超过一年的一个营业周期内偿还的债务,包括短期借款、应付票据、应付账款、预收账款、应付股利、应交税金、其他暂收应付款项、预提费用和一年内到期的长期借款等。

流动比率是企业在一定经营期间的流动资产与流动负债的比率。流动比率用来衡量企业流动资产在短期债务到期以前,可以变为现金用于偿还负债的能力。是反映流动财务状况的比率之一;是衡量企业短期偿债能力常用的比率。虽然流动比率越高,企业资产的流动性越大,但是比率太大表明流动资产占用较多,会影响经营资金周转效率和获利能力。一般认为合理的最低流动比率为2。还有一点应注意的是,流动比率高的企业并不一定偿还短期债务的能力就很强,因为流动资产之中虽然现金、有价证券、应收账款变现能力很强,但是存货、待摊费用等也属于流动资产的项目则变现时间较长,特别是存货很可能发生积压、滞销、残次、冷背等情况,流动性较差。而速动比率则能避免这种情况的发生,因为速动资产就是指流动资产中容易变现的那部分资产。

2)速动比率

速动比率:是指企业在一定经营期间的速动资产与流动负债的比率。其中速动资产是流动资产减去存货的金额,主要包括速动资产包括货币资金、短期投资、应收票据、应收账款及其他应收款,可以在较短时间内变现。而流动资产中存货及1年内到期的非流动资产不应计入。速动比率又称”酸性测验比率”(Acid-test Ratio、Quick Ratio),是反映流动财务状况的比率之一,是衡量企业流动资产中可以立即用于偿付流动负债的能力。计算公式为:

速动比率=速动资产/流动负债×100%

速动资产=流动资产-存货

速动比率的标准一般应保持1:1,根据目前的情况达到60%以上即可。流动比率大,速动比率小时,说明企业存货过多。此外,计算速动比率时,流动资产中扣除存货,是因为存货在流动资产中变现速度较慢,有些存货可能滞销,无法变现。至于预付账款和待摊费用根本不具有变现能力,只是减少企业未来的现金流出量,所以理论上也应加以剔除,但实务中,由于它们在流动资产中所占的比重较小,计算速动资产时也可以不扣除。例如:

根据新天公司资料,2001年初的流动资产为6127100元,存货为3870000元,流动负债为2977100元;年末的流动资产为5571751元,存货为3862050元,流动负债为1644390元。则速动比率为:

年初速动比率:(6127100-3870000)/2977100=0.76

年末速动比率:(5571751-3862050)/1644390=1.04

另外,在运用速冻比率的时候还需要注意应收账款。应收账款是流动资产中风险最大的,并且在计算速动比率的时候没有把应收账款剔除掉。所以,这里就又说到了一个概念,即超速动比率,超速动比率剔除了短期投资、应收账款等资产,它是某些银行在对公司发放贷款时候的凭证,因为它的计算更加保险、准确。

3)流动比率和速动比率在实际中的运用

速动比率的高低能直接反映企业的短期偿债能力强弱,它是对流动比率的补充,并且比流动比率反映得更加直观可信。如果流动比率较高,但流动资产的流动性却很低,则企业的短期偿债能力仍然不高。在流动资产中有价证券一般可以立刻在证券市场上出售,转化为现金,应收帐款,应收票据等项目,可以在短时期内变现,而存货、预付帐款、待摊费用等项目变现时间较长,特别是存货很可能发生积压,滞销、残次、冷背等情况,其流动性较差,因此流动比率较高的企业,并不一定偿还短期债务的能力很强,而速动比率就避免了这种情况的发生。速动比率一般应保持在100%以上。总之,流动比率(CR)、速动比率(QR)的分析不能独立于流动资产周转能力的分析之外,存货、应收账款的周转效率低下也会影响流动比率的分析实用性,所以上述两指标的应用应结合流动项目的构成和各流动资产的效率综合分析。一般来说如下:

CR<1 and QR<0.5 资金流动性差

1.5<CR<2 and 0.75<QR<1 资金流动性一般

CR>2 and QR>1 资金流动性好

一般情况下,流动比率和速动比率指标值越高,说明企业的短期偿债能力越强;反之,流动比率和速动比率越低,则说明企业的短期偿债能力越低。换句话说,流动比率和速动比率作为判断企业财务状况的两个重要指标既不能过高也不能过低,而应当保持在一个适当的幅度。因为当这两个指标过高时,尽管企业的短期偿债能力有相当的保证,但是这时企业的流动资产和速动资产则由于大量地占用资金而减缓它们的周转速度致使资金不能充分发挥有效的使用效益,进而间接影响企业的长期生产经营效果;当这两个指标过低时,负债过高,企业短期偿债能力不能保障,经营风险增大,投资者投资信心不足,同样会直接影响企业的生产经营效果。问题是如何来把握这两个指标的度,在生产经营的过程中流动比率和速动比率究竟应当多高才算是保持在一个适当的范围之内?这个问题看起来简单,实则非常困难。这是因为流动比率和速动比率分别受到行业不同的影响,市场风险的影响,价格变动的影响,国家政策的影响。此外,速动资产与流动资产之间的结构比例的变化,也是影响流动比率和速动比率的一个重要因素。

正是上述多种因素共同牵制的作用,使得不同行业、不同企业的流动比率和速动比率在反映短期偿债能力上的表现并不相同。因此,在运用流动比率和速动比率指标对不同行业、不同企业的短期偿债能力的标准也不尽相同,不能搞一刀切。

这里,君道论文小编认为正确运用流动比率和速动比率指标,对不同行业和企业短期偿债能力进行分析,做出判断的方法是:

①依据一个较长时间段落(一般应当不少于5年)企业正常生产经营期间流动比率和速动比率的数据取其加权平均数为基本标准数值。具体计算公式如下:

流动比率=(∑x[,i]f[,i]/∑f[,i])

速动比率=(∑y[,i]f[,i]/∑f[,i])

这里我们之所以选择时间作为计算流动和速动比率基本标准平均值的权数,是因为历史数据的时间与测定数据之间有着密切的联系,历史数据的时间与所要测定数据之间的距离越近,则对测定数据的影响就越大;距离越远,影响就越小。因此,对于越靠近测定数据的历史数据其时间给定的权数越大,反之就越小。

例如,某企业2000-2004年流动比率和速动比率的平均值分别是:1.5、1.6、1.5、1.4、1.8和1.0、0.9、0.9、1.1、0.8。则该企业2005年四季度流动比率和速动比率的基本标准数值是:

流动比率标准数值=(1.5×1+1.6×2+1.5×3+1.4×4+1.8×5/1+2+2+4+4)=1.59

速动比率标准数值=(1.0×1+0.9×2+0.9×3+1.1×4+0.8×5/1+2+3+4+5)=0.93

②根据影响流动比率和速动比率的因素,建立以下数学系数模型,确定需要调整的系数:调整系数

式中:m[,1]m[,2]m[,3]…m[,n]表示影响流动和速动比率变化的各个因素指数。

调整系数的作用是对流动和速动比率的标准数值进行修正,因为不同行业、不同企业由于受多种市场、自然和社会因素的影响而使其具有不同的判定生产经营正常与否的准绳。另外在确定调整系数时我们使用的是几何平均数的方法,之所以采用几何平均数而不采用算术平均数是因为引起流动比率和速动比率最终变化的并不是单个因数而是多个因素共同作用的结果,而采用几何平均数则能够更好地解决这种多因素共同作用的问题。

例如,上述企业的行业指数为87%,2005年四季度该企业的季节变化指数为55%(淡季),市场风险指数为95%,价格指数为130%,国家政策影响指数不变(即100%),则该企业流动和速动比率2005年四季度的调整系数是:调整系数

③依据调整系数对流动比率和速动比率基本标准数值进行修正,计算流动和速动比率的正常值:

流动比率=1.59×47.91%=0.76

速动比率=0.93×47.91%=0.45

④依据调整后的标准作为短期偿债能力优劣的分析,如果企业流动和速动比率的实际值大于或小于上述正常值,则可以作出企业短期偿债能力水平过高或过低的判断。

总之,流动比率和速动比率作为判断企业短期偿债能力经常使用的指标,必须考虑企业行业的特点和季节变化等因素的影响,才能依据正确的尺度做出正确地判断。

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应对重复率高,君道有小技巧

Plagiarism

很多留学生对于论文查重实际上是相当惧怕的,因为每一次的查重结果都是会带来不一样的“惊喜”,甚至有些同学在每一次修改之后却发现论文的检测的重复度在不断的上升。对于这些问题的发生,实际上最好的解决方法,就是在查重之前必须要理解系统的基本原理。如果这些规则都不明白的话,那么即便再怎么熬夜修改都是无用功。

一般来说,目前国外大学所见的查重系统和软件在原理上都是相差无几的。首先,查重系统会将全篇论文和数据库进行对比。从结果来看的话,如果是大段飘红的文字,那么就表示这些文字存在抄袭情况。如果相似度>1%,说明内容存在抄袭。在进行检测的时候,查重系统会将论文以章节的形式来进行片段检测。每一个章节都会有相应的相似度,最终综合所有的相似度数据,从而产生重复率。因此,了解了这样一个原理之后,我们就可以按照重点来进行论文降重,把所有的重心放在红字上和相似度大于1%上。只要把这些文字全部修改完毕,那么重复率就会大大降低。一般高校会采用Turnitin论文检测系统,那么,掌握Turnitin查重原理可有效降低重复率10%以下。

不过,在了解查重率降低原理和方法之前,同学们需要明白,到底是哪些行为会导致论文查重时出现高重复率。一般情况下,如果同学们具有下列行文,便会增加查重率偏高的指数:

句子照搬:在参考文献时,照搬文献里的句子或者仅仅变换句式。比如:你只是简单地把复合句变为多个简单句,或者仅仅改变表达方式或者修辞等。

段落照搬:只是增加或删除段落中的一些文句,而实质内容并没有变化。比如改变段落内句子顺序等。

章节照搬:照搬或者基本照搬他人作品的某一章或几章内容,这种情况在dissertation中发生尤为频繁。

全文照搬:首先这个是明令禁止的:单纯的将原有论文内容简化或者替换描述对象或者改变原文顺序;增加一些简单的毫无意义的内容等。

我们已经知道了哪些行为会导致论文查重出现高重复率,那么达到哪种程度才不算高重复率呢?或者说论文查重的重复率低于多少才合适呢?我们又该怎样降低重复率呢?在下文中,君道论文的小编会和大家一一说明。

对于查重率高低的界限,尽管每个学校对于全文重复率的要求是不同的,一般都会要求相似度index需要需要保持在20%或者15%以下。一般,一篇3000字的论文,它的查重率最好保持在15左右。高于这个数字,存在长句或段落重复时那么完全可以通过一些合适的方法来进行,这里,君道论文小编推荐几个操作性较高的小技巧。

第一是学会改写,这也是重复率修改过程中最重要的方法之一。论文中,凡查重结果里涉及>1%的相似度检测结果全部都要改写,这里还是需要再强调一下,是全部再改写。那么什么是改呢,这里并不是把字句和被字句转换或者是补全主语法等等。“改”就是“炼词”“纳意”和“定中心”相结合。所谓“炼词”就是提炼出一句的关键词或中心词;所谓“纳意”就是归纳明确出本句乃至本段落的大意;所谓“定中心”就是修改过程始终围绕原文的架构及中心思想来重新组织语言确保语句通顺。一般来说,绝大多数的同学都会将其段落进行大幅度的调整。其实这样的做法是毫无意义的,词语的前后颠倒虽然能够让重复度得到降低,但是往往会让整个段落的逻辑变得混乱不堪。这样的改写是换汤不换药,对于降低查重率没有作用的。同学们可以把这些段落单独的列出来进行修改。保证不改变文章的初衷,通过自己的理解和自己的描述方式将这些段落进行重新改写,换句话说,同学们就是要照着文章要表达的意思自己换另一种说法来表述,具体步骤,这样可以完整的打破之前的连续飘红,这样才能够从本质上降低重复率。

第二是词语替换,即把原文中的词替换为同义词、近义词,这是大家最容易想到的办法了吧。比如:类似→相似;所以→因此;比比皆是→随处可见;这个方法看似容易其实不然,因为能够替换掉的一般是一些无伤大雅的副词、形容词、关联词等,而作为论述核心的主语(名词)和谓语(动词)最好不要替换,因为替换不准确的话会影响整个意思,那就因小失大了。

第三是改变语序,这也是降低重复率比较有效的方法了,比如把前后句颠倒,主动句和被动句互换等,这也是大家使用最多的方法。如:诗人有着敏锐的艺术感觉。→诗人的艺术感觉非常敏锐。

第四是将学术性语言变为“大白话”,有些论文中的学术性语言非常晦涩难懂,大段引用非常容易“中招”。如果我们能将它们的意思用朴素直白的语言表达出来,不仅能降低重复率,也能增加字数!当然前提是我们必须读懂原文的意思,不要乱改,不然就贻笑大方了。如:痛感→痛苦的感觉具象符号→具体的形象符号二者表现为一种相反相成的关系。→二者相互对立又相互补充,呈现出一种对立统一的关系。

第五是利用好表格和图片这两个小工具。在Turnitin查重系统中,表格一般都是不计算入重复率之内的。但如果表格中所包含的文字抄袭率过高,那么也会出现飘红。正确的做法是将表格转化成图片的形式,在检测时就不会存在任何重复度的问题。这种方法唯一需要注意的问题便是,当表格转化为图片时,表格里文字的字数就无法算到论文正文的字数中去,会导致全文的字数减少,有时候会低于要求里最低字数的要求。需要同学们重新阅读全文,在合适的地方添加内容,以符合字数要求。因此,在进行此种操作之前,同学们务必确保你的论文正文的全部字数,在你将表格转化为图片后,仍然能够符合要求里的最低字数要求。

此外,可以把超长句拆分成几个短句。注意修改过程中可以适当增减字数,但是不能改变太多,比如原本一个句子四十个字被改成十个,或者八十个,甚至直接删除标红的句子,这样有可能会越改越重复,甚至还可能导致原本检测不重复的地方在下次检测中会变成重复的。(这是由于Turnitin检测系统采用了模糊算法,如果整体结构和大纲被打乱(比如删除了A这个标红的句子),可能引起句子B前后检测标红不一致(第一次检测合格,第二次却被标红)简而言之,修改会引起“蝴蝶效应”,所以当您的文章相似度比较少的时候(比如低于30%),修改过程中不要对字数改变太大,而如果您的相似度很高,(比如高于40%)您就可以大刀阔斧的修改,甚至直接删除标红的句子,否则几乎每个句子都要重新修改又要考虑到字数的话就工作量太大了。

最后是加注释,关于一些理论性很强的表达或者定义之类的,自己实在是不知道如何改写了,可以将其加上注释“”加上脚注示以引用,标好出处,引用最后,想教大家一个降重的小技巧,自己写了还是有红色的呢,这个就不要紧了,肯定也不多。你可以按照查重报告,将自己论文中的重复的段落也用其他颜色标注出来,然后在后面一段一段甚至是一句一句的改,改完一段删一段,这件事情看似繁琐,但是做起来的时候没有那么的有压力感。

上文讲述了如何减少查重率,但其实有的相似度时不需要改的,这点也非常重要。曾今有个学生,由于刚刚入学,不太了解查重率的工作原理和修改的原则,有些没必要的地方也进行了修改,导致论文中专有名词用词不规范,最终致使文章失败,需要重新resubmit. 所以同学们一定要了解,有些论文相似的地方是不需要修改的。具体如下:首先由于Turnitin是采用通篇检测的原则,所以目录、声明、小标题和参考文献部分也会参与检测,这几部分如果有标红的地方可以直接跳过,不改,也可以在提交论文检测的时候将目录、声明、参考文献删除,不参与检测。(这部分字数少,不检测的话对重复率的影响就1%左右)。其次,论文检测,本来就是个机器活,机器肯定不如人脑,会有一定的误判存在,这个是可以理解的。而Turnitin的检测又是最严格,那么肯定会存在少量太严不沾边的误判,这些可以直接跳过,不修改。比如:“I am her son”和“He is my son”任何检测系统检测出来肯定都是百分百相似。机器是死的,人是活的,我们可以灵活修改。最后,当抄袭的内容是法规条文名人名言概念真理等固定的条款,这种情况就不需要修改了,改也改不出一个道道。

诚然,重复率高的文章必定和抄袭脱不了干系,但是,重复率不只是文字的重复,还包括设计思想和创新点的重复。因此,当你们在确定写作主题和方向之前,将关键词放入百度或Google学术上搜索一下有关的文章,对此类文章的量有一个大概的了解。有很多同学会遇到这样的情况:文章明明是自己查阅各种资料,然后一字一句绞尽脑汁写出来的,但是论文重复率却比那些大量引用原文的论文还要高,前面所述便是原因了。所以,在论文开始之前要尽可能的了解自己文章论述的主题和内容,以此最大限度的避免讨论那些已经被大家研究了很多遍的东西。换句话说,当我们写论文时,我们要善于寻找research gap,从论文一开始就尽可能的避免高相似度。此外同学们的初稿尽量要比论文写作要求的字数多出二三百字左右,这样可以在查重之后方便删改。

以上就是君道论文为大家提供的关于论文查重的tips,希望能够对大家的论文写作有所帮助,也衷心祝愿大家论文成功通过!

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常用的三种论文文献引用格式

essay format

在国外留学的同学们会发现,国外论文的写作会经常需要引用文献等材料,而文献也不是随意引用的。引用不当的话,会使文章出现被判定为抄袭的情况以及其他的一些问题。而且,通过引用,读者可以follow your arguments and check your sources。 那么怎么样才能正确的使用论文引用格式,成为同学们在完成论文的过程中需要重点注意的问题。因此,在本文,君道小编就和大家分享一些正确论文引用格式的方法,帮助同学们顺利完成论文!

对于英文论文来说,大体上,主要有三种论文引用格式,第一种就是使用最多的Harvard reference style, 第二种是比较常遇到的APA reference style,第三种也是一种常用的引用格式 MLA。

Harvard引用格式已经被广泛应用于多种出版物。所以熟悉这种引用方式便非常必要。下文,君道小编就和同学们具体说明如何引用。

第一种情况文本内引用(In-text citations)

1.释义的文本内引用-Paraphrasing and in-text citations

Example:

The point made by an analytic philosopher (O’Connor 1969, p. 32) is that values cannot be justified in this way. However Kneller (1963b, p. 102) insists that the theorist will inevitably be involved in value claims.

通过上述example可以如果作者引用了大段的信息,同学们便可发现,页码,章节可能会包含在文本内引用中。(Page, chapter or section numbers may be included in the in-text citation if the cited work is long and information locate by the writer.)。当文本中提到作者的姓名时(e.g. Kneller in the example above),只有文献的出版年限和页码会出现在文本的页码中( add year and page numbers only to the in-text reference)。此外当作者相同时,文献出版的年限会加上a,b,c等做区分。(Entries that have the same author and year are noted by adding a, b, c etc. to the year, both in-text e.g. Kneller (1963b, p. 102) )。

2.直接引用Direct quotes

Examples:

‘Having a solid plan as part of research design is essentiar (Hatch 2002, p. 46).

Or

Hatch (2002, p. 46) believes ‘having a solid plan as part of research design is essential.

从上述例子可以看出,当只有一个直接引用时,文章的直接引用会包含页码(Always include page numbers when citing a quotation and enclose the quote in single quotation marks.)

3.Block quotes and in-text citations

Example:

Inductive analysis is discussed:

Inductive thinking proceeds from the specific to the general. Understandings are generated by starting with specific elements and finding connections among them. To argue inductively is to begin with particular pieces of evidence, then pull them together into a meaningful whole. Inductive data analysis is a search for patterns of meaningful data so the general statements about phenomena under investigation can be made (Hatch 2002, p. 161).

当文章中的引用部分是作为独立的部分存在,并且字数超过30以上时,这些引用会用不同的格式以凸显引用的部分,比如indented e.g. 5 spaces and are in a smaller font e.g. 1 point size smaller than the surrounding text. 这里同学们注意一定不能enclose the quote in quotation marks.

第二种情况为在文章结尾处的Reference lists, 具体格式如下:

首先reference list 的排列方式一般是以人名的首字母顺序排列(Arrange your list alphabetically by author.)具体如下:

Book with one author

In-Text: (O’Connor 1957, p. 33)
References: O’Connor, DJ 1957, An introduction to the philosophy of education, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

Book with two or three authors

In-Text: (Zikmund & D’Amico 1989)
References: Zikmund, WG & D’Amico, M 1989, Marketing, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York.

Book with more than three authors

In-Text: (Peirson et al. 2006)
References: Peirson, G, Brown, R, Easton, S, Howard, P & Pinder, S 2006, Business finance, 9th edn, McGraw-Hill, North Ryde, NSW.

Different editions

(refer Snooks p. 196)

An edition statement is placed after the title of the work. An edition statement is not necessary if the book is a first edition.

In-Text: (Zikmund & D’Amico 1989)
References: Zikmund, WG & D’Amico, M 1989, Marketing, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York.

Edited book

In-Text: (eds Douglas, Douglas & Derrett 2001)
References: Douglas, N, Douglas, G & Derrett, R (eds) 2001, Special interest groups: context and cases, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane, Qld.

Book with one author

In-Text: (O’Connor 1957, p. 33)
References: O’Connor, DJ 1957, An introduction to the philosophy of education, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

Book with two or three authors

In-Text: (Zikmund & D’Amico 1989)
References: Zikmund, WG & D’Amico, M 1989, Marketing, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York.

Book with more than three authors

In-Text: (Peirson et al. 2006)
References: Peirson, G, Brown, R, Easton, S, Howard, P & Pinder, S 2006, Business finance, 9th edn, McGraw-Hill, North Ryde, NSW.

Different editions

(refer Snooks p. 196)

An edition statement is placed after the title of the work. An edition statement is not necessary if the book is a first edition.

In-Text: (Zikmund & D’Amico 1989)
References: Zikmund, WG & D’Amico, M 1989, Marketing, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York.

Edited book

In-Text: (eds Douglas, Douglas & Derrett 2001)
References: Douglas, N, Douglas, G & Derrett, R (eds) 2001, Special interest groups: context and cases, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane, Qld.

当然,这并不是所有的引用格式,除了书,journal,同学们也会用到其他类型的参考资料,比如说annual report等。这里小编只是给出了两种最常见的引用材料。更多内容,同学们可以联系我们的君道论文小编。

另一种常用格式是APA格式(American Psychological Association)。是一个为广泛接受的论文引用格式,特别针对社会科学领域的研究,规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法,以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。其规范格式也主要包括文内文献引用(Reference Citations in Text)和文后参考文献列举(Reference List)两大部分。APA格式强调出版物的年代(Time of the Publication Year)而不大注重原文作者的姓名。APA格式的“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。引文时常将出版年代置于作者缩写的名( the Initial of Author’s First Name)之前。详细的引用或参考资料则放在位于文章最后的”参考文献”部分。APA格式明确的定义”参考文献”只放入文章内容引用的来源,所以有些文章才会有”参考文献(Reference)”和”Bibliography”的分别。(Bibliography另外包含了作者背景知识的来源,不一定是直接被引用的文献。)

APA参考文献的格式与其他写作格式比较,虽然比较单纯但也相当复杂,以下介绍文献的排列顺序。

一、依作者姓氏字母顺序排列,如以文章篇名或书名当作者,而该篇名或书名是以数字开头

时,以国字之字母顺序比较,如21st century education 是以Twenty-first century education

作为比较的基准。

二、第一位作者姓名相同时,如为同一作者,依年代先后顺序排列:

例 如:Hewlett, L. S. (1996) Hewlett, L. S. (1999)

三、一位作者永远排在多位作者之前

例 如:Razik, T. A. (1991) Razik, T. A. , & Lin, T. -Y. (1995)

四、当有多位作者必须比较时,依序由第二或第三 第四 …作者姓氏字母

例 如:Gosling, J. R., Jerald, K., & Belfar, S. F. (2000) Gosling, J. Y., & Tevlin, D. F. (1996)

五、相同作者且相同年代,则依 (去除A, The等冠词之后) 篇名或书名字母

例 如:Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990a). Fundamental concepts…

Razik, T. A., & Lin, T. -Y. (1990b). Human relations…

六、作者姓氏相同,名字不同时,依名字字母顺序排列

例 如:Liu, C. -R. (1993). Liu, M. -C. (1990).参考文献格式生成器参考文献格式及要求参考文献格式标准英语论文格式规范

七、作者为机关团体时,以机关团体全名字母作为比较的基础,当作者为机关团体的附属团

体时,全名要以「主团体先,附属团体后」来呈现

例 如:State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Educational Organization, Administration, and Policy. (1994).

八、作者署名为Anonymous,以Anonymous来比较.

九、没有作者时,把 (去除冠词之后的) 篇名或书名视为作者来比较.

十、引用后设分析(meta-analysis)之文献时,不必以附录一一列举,但融入於参考文献中并在 文献前加注 * 号,且在参考文献一开始时说明加注星号者为后设分析的相关文献。

例 如:*Bretschneider, J. G., & McCoy. N. L. (1968). Sexual interest and behavior in health 80-102-year-olds. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 343-350.

以上介绍常见的中英文参考文献的APA格式并提供实例,以供读者参考.读者在撰写参考文献之前,必须查看所要投稿的期刊是否有自定的格式,如有,则从其规定,否则可参考上述格式撰写. 此外,APA参考文献还牵涉到缩写字的规定。

APA格式所需的工人在从事学术研究的第一次,虽然繁文缛节感,给文件作家带来麻烦,但规格一致的结果,但使读者以及其他有关人员,使大便利。

最后我们来讲一下MLA引用格式要求。MLA主要被应用在人文学科,如文学、比较文学、文学批评和文化研究等。当我们在正文中引用文献时,文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面,句号前面,作者姓空格页码,中间没有逗号),如果同一页引用同一作品,则只标页码。例如“A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes” (Hawthorne 431). She’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432)。 如果文献作者是三位以上,文中引用只用第一位作者的姓,后面是空格加“et al.” 再空格加页码。例如,(Barker et al. 23)。如果被引用的部分超过三行,则引用整段。整段引用另起一行,双倍行距,自页边空白整体缩进一英寸(2.54厘米),不用引号,末尾添加引用来源(作者姓空格页码)。如果你去掉引文中的一些单词,用省略号(三个前后有空格的小圆点)。由于MLA格式较为繁杂, 此处未包含的具体格式请参阅《MLA科研论文写作规范》的最新版本。

以上便是君道论文小编对常用三种文献格式的说明,希望同学们能认真阅读,在未来的写作中能熟悉运用。更详细的内容,同学们可以咨询君道论文的小编哟,祝学习顺利!

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英文论文商业计划书(business plan)怎么写?

所有的商业活动,最初都只是一些想法与计划,很多创业的朋友都需要一份完美的商业计划书,来向投资者介绍自己的生意,或者寻找志同道合的创业伙伴。一份好的商业计划书,在事业的初期对一个创业团队是十分重要的,因为一个好的商业计划书不仅可以介绍项目本身所具有的技术条件和市场前景,而且对项目的背景、公司的状况、产品的战略定位,领导者的管理思路及财务情况都能进行清晰的阐述并展示在投资者面前,使投资者能够对项目形成整体把握,认为创业者已为项目的实施做了缜密的准备,从而表明项目的运作已经具备了确凿可信的条件,投资者还会据此认为创业者具有良好的敬业精神。对于学习商业管理或者市场营销专业的留学生来说,总会遇到business planning这门课程。学校开设这门课程的意义在于帮助同学们通过学习business planning的相关知识,掌握business planning制定的一些技巧,并熟练运用到以后的工作实践中。那么怎样才能写好商业计划书呢?今天就让我们来学习下商业计划书类论文最重要的一些要点吧。

首先,同学们要了解什么是计划书:商业计划书是总结一个企业或企业家如何通过必要和足够的努力和活动使创业成功。商业计划书是企业就公司管理模式问题向投资人进行的书面解释。商业计划的主要是为企业和政府而制定。(A business plan is a summary of how a business or entrepreneur intends to organize an entrepreneurial endeavor and implement activities necessary and sufficient for the venture to succeed. It is a written explanation of the company’s business model for the venture in question. Business plans are developed for ventures in both business and government)

商业计划是用于内部管理和规划,也是用来说服银行或投资于风险投资家等局外为创业注入资金。(Business plans are used internally for management and planning and are also used to convince outsiders such as banks or venture capitalists to invest money into a venture.)

商业计划以通常很快过时而闻名。商界内的一个共同的信念是,实际的计划可能没有什么价值,更重要的是计划的过程,在这个过程中,经营者能对业务和更多的选择有了更深入的了解。(Business plans are noted for often quickly becoming out of date. One common belief within business circles is that the actual plan may have little value, but what is more important is the process of planning, through which the manager gains a greater understanding of the business and of the options available.)

商业计划是为客户准备的,因为他们需要知道该产品是否符合市场目标而不是该产品的实用性,同时也是为政府准备,因为政府需要了解产品的法律,经济和补贴问题是否符合要求等诸如此类的问题。(Business plan is prepared for customers for they need to know whether the product serves the purpose or not and the utility of the product, for government because it is necessary to know for government whether the legal economical and subsidy concerns are met or the like.)

那么一篇商业计划书通常需要包含哪些内容呢?通常情况下,一篇优秀的商业计划书(Business Planning)需要包含以下几个部分

Executive Summary

Background/Industry Research

Competitor Analysis

Customer Profile

Product Range

Personnel

Operations Analysis

Legal and/or Technical

Sales and Marketing

Financial projections

References

Appendix

当然,这不是每个Business Planning都必须遵守的内容结构,同学们需要根据各自Module上的写作要求具体决定。比如说,斯旺西大学MN-M552business planning这门课,我们就根据他的具体要求,列出如下结构:

1.0 Background and industry research (背景与行业分析)

1.1 Background

1.2 Industry research

1.3 Summarised opinion

2.0 Competitor analysis (竞争对手分析)

3.0 Customer profile (顾客介绍)

3.1 Segmentation

3.2 Targeting

4.0 Product range (产品范围)

4.1 Products

4.2 Value addition

4.3 Market gap

5.0 Personnel (人事部门)

6.0 Operations analysis (运营分析)

7.0 Legal/technical (法律与技术)

7.1 Legal

7.2 Technical

8.0 Sales and marketing (销售与市场推广)

9.0 Financials (财务)

9.1 Sales and cost forecast

9.2 Cash flow analysis

9.3 Profit and loss statement

9.4 Key ratios

References

Appendix 1 Interview questions

综上例子所述,同学们可以发现,一篇好的business planning必须包含competitors analysis。

在商业计划书中一定要写清楚这个商业项目在市场上面临的竞争对手的情况,自己与竞争对手的本质区别在哪里?自己比竞争对手的优势在哪里?但不能诽谤贬低竞争对手,这在论文的写作中是非常不可取的行为。同学们可以通过与竞争对手的对比,了解自己的优势与劣势,找到商业项目在激烈竞争市场中的突破点。

  • 商业计划书中一定要明确自己的听众,也就是需要针对的顾客:

最好的商业计划书最好分为几个版本,一份给银行家与风险投资看,一份给个体投资看,一份给那些潜在合作企业看。当然,同学们在论文的写作中不需要如此复杂,只需要明确指出products需要针对的目标客户就行。这里最好从两个方面去写:一方面是segmentation,一方面是Targeting。Segmantation分为Demographic segmentation和 geographic segmentation。

For Demographic segmentation, 研究者Wedel and Kamakura (2012) 在自己的研究中指出,这个细分可以用来target specific customers being targeted for specific benefits. Whilst it thus can be used to segment a market on the basis of age, gender, income, education, family size, employment and religion, age demographic segmentation is the most appropriate to the business idea of E-Taxi Elderly. 而对于geographic segmentation, 研究学者Goyat (2011) 指出这个细分是基于顾客的location, climate, populating density, terrain and languages spoken. 至于Targeting,同学们需要在文中指出the potential target market for the product/company/industry 有何特点,为什么确定此群体customer为target。

随后,同学们还要确定product的range。Desmet and Hekkert (2007)在他们的研究中有说明,product range可以帮助项目计划理解一个特别的顾客对于产品不同层次的需求。通常情况下,会有三个产品层次:core benefit, actual product and augmented product. 对于Core benefit, 他是顾客最基本的需求fundamental need that a customer wants satisfied upon purchasing a product. 对于Actual product,它是顾客对the features and design of a product的需求。至于Augmented product,它代表着the non-physical attributes of a product.这个是迎合特殊顾客需求最重要的手段。当然同学们在具体的写作过程中不仅要给出理论的解释,还要明确产品在这三个层次所要实现的目标,并给出恰当的原因来解释为什么要这么做这个二产品。

同学们还要考虑附加价值。如果你期望在6个月后变成行业的领先者,你就最好有详实的证据能证明你的观点。如果你声称自己的产品在市场中一定盈利,那产品的附加价值最好能支撑这个说法,总之切记不要满嘴跑火车。

这里同学们要分析自己商业计划所涉及的产品的附加价值所在。并给出原因说明。例如,我们分析英国数码的士行业的附加价值,我们就可以这么写:Currently and as captured by International Longevity Centre (2017), 1.45 million UK citizens aged 65 and above experience challenges in traveling to hospital. With the dominant Aged Care Transport system prioritising emergency cases over routine check-ups, elderly individuals unable to drive to healthcare facilities, unable to summon help from family members or having unique conditions that limit effective use of public transport or Uber, there exists a market gap. On the app side, leveraging on improving technology and customisation of ride hailing apps, having a dedicated feature that is tailored for elderly people is important. For instance, it can have an interface of a single click that beams the location of the elderly person in the event they are incapacitated, profile that captures important health information such as existing conditions that give an idea of how serious a particular request is. The sum total of this information can be used to suggest an appropriate ride design and prior communication to a healthcare facility informing them of an incoming emergency. A number of questions were posed to the interviews to help complete the strategy canvas. For instance, in response to the question, in your view, what are the most important factors in the digital taxi industry? The interviewee findings indicated that reliability and convenience were the most important, followed by responsiveness and speed. Another question posed was that of, in your view, which is the main source of sustainable competitive advantage in the digital taxi industry? The interviewee findings indicated that the main source of sustainable competitive advantage was comfort and car intelligence systems, followed by speed, customer care services and GPS systems.

除此之外更为重要的一点便是Market gap,这个是指a market opportunity exists based on the view that the current product option available to the service/industry(这里是你作业里要求的服务或者产品所属行业)In support, two interview questions can be and resulted in the same finding. Firstly, it was posed, what do you feel are the challenges of the current industry options? Secondly, it was posed what challenges does the company face in providing an effective product(选定的) for target customer?

一个好的计划,需要适合的人去执行实施,因此,在写商业计划时,人事Personnel)也是需要考虑的问题。根据公司的大小,业务的范围,我们可以决定计划实施时,人员分配的多少。比如说,如果是一个小公司,人事需要就是非常有限的。例如,it only needs three categories of roles filled for a small company for E-Taxi Elderly business. In the first role, the overall manager that will be in charge of the E-Taxi Elderly business is required. The available position is for a single manager. In the second role, customer care personnel that will handle rider affairs is required. The available positions will be for five representatives. In the third role, the strategy manager that is responsible for analysing feedback and positioning E-Taxi Elderly business to be more customer centric is required.

人事配齐之后,便会涉及计划的运营,所以同学们在这里要进行运营分析。仍以数字化的士行业为例。这里不在赘述,给同学们展示一个图,帮助同学们更加直观的了解如何进行operational analysis.

Figure: Process map showing operations flow chart at E-Taxi Elderly.

法律和技术支持也是商业计划运营之前需要考虑的事情。只有法律和技术的保障,商业的运营计划才能在合法的范围内顺顺利利的进行下去。这里同学们只需说明企业所在国家或城市有哪些法律和技术对于计划的运营时支持的。

产品转化为价值,离不开产品的销售与市场推广。好的营销和推广会达到事半功倍的效果。这里,同学们需要结合产品自身的特点,以及上文的分析,给出最优的营销和推广计划,并给出原因。我们仍旧以针对老年人的数字化的士为例:For instance, the company will manage the spread of information to its customers whilst also regulating the spread of marketing information in order to maximise the appeal of the business idea. This can help communicate to the customer how the new innovative idea can create extra value over existing platforms. Moreover, further primary research revealed that E-Taxi Elderly should also rely on marketing practices to not only highlight the promotions run by the brand but also show how the service adds comparative value in relation to rival services. For instance, within he first three months of operations, a discount can be offered to older persons using the service as a way of bringing them into the service. after the three-month period, the price can normalize to competitive levels because the customers will be engaged to the quality and experience of the brand.

最后,商业计划书中的金额估计,最好保持一定的谨慎和收敛,哪怕十足的把握,也要避免预估过度,从而失去可信度。

在财务部分(Financials),要明确财务计划的币种,限定计划的时间,这里要对拥有的时间和资源保持客观现实,不可过于乐观或夸大。 通常情况下,在财务部分,商业计划要考虑以下四个方面:Sales and cost forecast;Cash flow analysis;Profit and loss statement;Key ratios。

以上便是君道论文小编,对商业计划书如何写的一点解释说明。这里还有一点需要强调那就是逻辑性:

同学们可以想想自己是银行家,并以银行家的思维方式思考问题,并攥写计划书,会更能打动投资者,保证商业计划的顺利实施。

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论文成绩拖后GPA,大多数留学生不会写论文

写论文

不知不觉,同学们在国外学习有一段时间了,相信英语水平已经得到了一定的提高,学习能力也提升了不少,与人沟通的能力和适应环境的能力都有所提高。但是提高并不代表就能搞定一切事情,比如最头痛的论文。大多数留学生每天都要通宵达旦地写论文或为考试埋头复习。Essay/report/Exam,是所有留学生听了都会为之抓狂的单词,为了赶 paper,不知道有多少人不舍昼夜奋笔疾书,正如雨神萧敬腾唱的歌:夜太美,尽管再疲惫,总有人黑着眼眶熬着夜!为了拿到好的GPA成绩,试问哪个留学生在写论文的时候,不是一边崩溃的想放弃,一边笑着在努力。

不知道大家看过《梦想的学校》一书没,是美国记者爱德华· 休姆斯所写,在此书的第一章用了这样的长标题:“4是有魔力的数字:4小时睡眠,4杯拿铁,4.0”。为了得到最高的平均成绩4.0, 学生们一天只睡4个小时,灌下4大罐拿铁咖啡,为的就是能够熬过一整夜!是的,在国外大学留学,写论文,就是这样的赶脚!几乎很多留学生都有很多与各种类型论文纠缠的故事,尤其是相对刚迈入大学的留学生来说,3000—4500的论文难度是很大的,因为英语写作水平还没有提高,对论文的格式也都不是很熟悉,而且跟国内的论文有很大的差别。特别是想拿高分,更是难上加难。

先不要问我论文到底有多难,当deadline迫近时,你可以先问问我有多困!这已经成为了写论的毕竟之路:为了赶paper,就连最爱睡觉的学生也不得不一天只睡4、5个小时。 曾经有人在网上贴出在加拿大多伦多的地铁站上拍到的照片。这是一个大学生发明的既能在 地铁站上补觉、又不会错过站的办法。

这件T裇衫的背面上写着“Wake me up at St. George Station(请在圣乔治站叫醒我)”。穿着这件衣服在地铁上打瞌睡时,旁边好心的乘客就会知道,到了多伦多大学所在的圣乔治城站应该叫醒这个可怜缺觉的孩子。为了充分利用时间,省下睡觉时间,这位同学也是绞尽脑汁了!

但是,你辛苦了,也不一定会拿到高分!国外的大学对学生的学术要求非常严苛,课前有必要的文献资料,lectures要读、课上要尽力表达自己的观点、课后还有繁重的论文等作业任务,每个环节都会直接或间接地被计入你的GPA成绩。而这当中的每一个过程,教授也都有可能要求学生写论文。尤其选择人文学科专业(传媒、教育、历史等)的学生,更是如此。当然,别以为你是理科生就可以逃过一劫,铁打的专业流水的论文,如果碰到偏偏喜欢拿论文考验学生的教授,你也只能乖乖臣服,跟着文科生一起续着咖啡黑着眼圈熬着夜。

坦率地说,写论文对于大学生而言并非容易,对于初到国外大学的中国留学生则更加困难。这就需要同学们摈弃在国内形成的固有的写作想法,掌握外国大学论文写作的方法。那么,到底如何才能写出优秀的论文呢?曾有美国大学教授表示,从学生们交上来的论文来看,学生写论文的难点主要有两个:一是无法明确地提出自己的观点,二是不知道如何佐证自己的看法。所以,要想提高论文写作的能力,尤其是学术性论文的能力,可以朝下列方向去努力。

首先,在写学术作业的时候,定方向和选题是第一步,在选题定好以后,尽量多花些时间去选择材料和搜集相关的文章,同时要做笔记,这样在接下来的写作的过程中,就会有东西可写,并且条理清晰,否则临时抱佛脚是写不出完整性的文章的。其次,同学们还要注意三个方面,因为国外学术作业或者课程论文的时候,主要考验的是你的学术能力,第一是参考文献,为什么这部分放在第一条来讲呢,因为参考文献作为引用他人著作或者观点一定要再最后把你参考的引用的列举出来,老外很看重版权,更不能自己杜撰,否则后果会很严重;这里还要注重每个课程教授们对论文的标准和风格的习惯。国外大学教授们对论文的标准和风格也有着五花八门的要求。有的教授要求Harvard格式,有的要求美国心理协会格式(APA)。第二,引用一定要丰富,这样可以使老师觉得你对这门课程很重视,花了时间去延伸自己的课外阅读。这样更能体现你自主学习的能力。第三就是文章的结构,有的教授希望你把个人故事写进论文里,有的则要求纯学术性写作。立意、格式、措辞,所有这些内容,对于留学生们而言,都有着严格的要求。所以,写论文的时候一定要注意文章的结构要严谨,条理清晰,这样才能给人清爽的感觉,分数自然也就不会很低。国外和国内不同,国外大学的评分标准大多都是百分数。以英国为例,英国的评分标准即是百分数,分级情况虽然每个学校每个专业都有不同的要求,但基本上都是40%为及格,40-50%为中等,50-60%为良好,60-70%为优秀,70%以上则是excellent。打分也是根据老师的个人的标准都不尽相同,有的老师严,有的来时要求也比较高,本科和研究生也是有些差别的,但是70%以上确实是很好的,年级的平均分也大概都在50-60%之间。

提高论文写作能力,除了掌握上述关于论文本身的技巧外,同学们还要积极的行动起来:

Tips1:增加阅读

很多国外教授都承认,英语语言的能力确实是限制中国留学生写作的一大因素,但是除此之外,阅读量和批判性思考也是中国留学生需要特别改进的两个方面。很多留学生常常抱怨教授布置的阅读材料太多。确实,在国外读大学或者研究生,每周的阅读量动辄就上百页。一个历史系的教授曾表示,每两周读一本厚厚的大部头著作对她的学生来说是家常便饭。一位工程学院的教授也说:“要想写得好,首先要多读。一个读过50本书的人肯定比只读过2本的人写得好。”也就是说,读的书越多,拓展的知识就会越多,学生开始思考的也就越多,这样写出的论文也就会更加出色!

Tips2:多思考

透过这些年的辅导经验,君道小编发现:“中国学生很善于总结,但不善于批评、分析和提出自己的观点。”国外大学重要的一部分就是Academic Writing,这类的文章主要是为了考察你对课程的学习情况,第二则是为了观察你自助学习的能力,在国外,这一点是很重要的。第三则是为了看你的学术能力。 因此,写论文不能只是简单材料内容的堆砌,在掌握一定的专业知识的基础上,学生最好能提出自己对于一个现象、事件或论点的问题。这个过程中最重要的是多思考,你可以尝试从不同的角度去考虑一个具体的问题,这样常常会让你有意想不到的收获。提出批评或问题,会促使你进入新一轮的知识收集和思考,这时你提出的观点一定是升华到一个新的高度了。

Tip3:多交流 

如果你只是自己一个人闷头在宿舍里写论文,可能你很难发现自己的不足之处。国外大部分的大学都有 Writing Center(写作中心),你可以充分利用学校的资源,在这里跟其他人进行写作上的交流,不仅能意识到自己的写作上的问题,还可以获得良好的建议。另外,你还可以跟你的教授、同窗学霸一起交流写作心得,或者参与相关的小组项目、俱乐部相互沟通等等。总之,写好论文不是一蹴而就的,找到自己的不足之处之后,多思考、多练笔,必要的时候寻求专业的帮助都是可以的。论文其实没你想的那么难,只要你肯付出努力,一定会有所收获。留学的路上,可能你有无数次想要放弃的时候,但是不还是都拼命地熬了过来?还是那句话:不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹!

tips 4: 合理安排时间

对于留学生来说,最痛苦的事情莫过于明天就是deadline!有的时候真的是论文太多写不完,可有的时候真的是拖延症患者把自己逼上了绝路:有“拖延症”的小伙伴们,总是“阶段性踌躇满志,持续性混吃等死”,虽然每天早早的去到图书馆写论文,但是吃点零食,聊聊微信,刷刷朋友圈,看看剧,…… 不知不觉时间就到中午,又该出去吃午饭了。就这样一拖再拖,最后原本一周的时间被自己压缩成一个晚上,只有大脑转速直逼爱因斯坦才能赶完论文。

因此,这时候效率很重要,一定要有很强的目的性和计划性。尤其是在赶论文deadline期间,所以当进入论文周,时间管理和效率显得尤为重要,每天路上想清楚一天要干什么并分出主次,轻重缓急,想好一天的plan,然后一进入图书馆,开始论文,你就直接切入主题,这样的效率就会得到大幅度提升(别不信哟,小编自己就是这么完成论文的)。每天几分钟提前想一下,就可以轻而易举的推进当天的复习效率,走出“持续性混吃等死”的窘境。很多自嘲“拖延症”的小伙伴估计都不难发现:越是耗时长、越重要的任务,比如说year project、论文,却往往拖到死线前一周才开始做。那一周累死累活,天天见到黎明的太阳…… 所以,绝对不能这样!告诉自己,别找借口,先做起来,开始了再说,,“万事开头难”,进入状态之后别的事就都不是事儿啦!

tips 5:借助外力

事实上,一开始,大家都在同一起跑线上,也都是初到国外,刚开始接触国外大学的课程和论文,所谓的“大神”和“学霸”也是普通的人儿。摇身一变,工作学习两不误,收获满满,这除了自身的不懈努力外,还有外在高人的辅导与帮助!

今天要安利的这位高人就是君道论文。君道论文是一家专门给海外留学生提供论文辅导,论文疑难解答的专业论文辅导机构。任何在课堂上搞不定的学习问题,君道都能帮你弄明白!君道论文会根据每个小伙伴的课程和目标,为个人制定specific的学习计划,也会经常分享学习经验和论文写作技巧!!! 而且,新学年,君道论文推出包学年论文辅导课程,对于那些刚入学或者不懂写作的童鞋,是很好地学习的平台,帮助童鞋们顺利通过学年课程和作业!(#^.^#) (PS:包年优惠多多,性价比很高呦(#^.^#))。同时,君道论文继续推出保PASS课程,去年有95%的童鞋完全通过课程,顺利毕业,还有5%在补考中也顺利通过!此外,君道论文推出免费论文Turnitin检测服务,只要是在君道论文接受辅导的小伙伴,都能享受免费论文Turnitin检测服务(^U^)ノ~YO

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君道论文底部二维码
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文献评论(A critical analysis of a Journal article)怎么写?

journal article

关于批判性分析一篇期刊论文的写作,相信留学海外的学子们都不会陌生,尤其是英国大学的学生,几乎所有的学生都会这样的写作,那么怎样写好这一类型的文章,成为困扰留学生,尤其是新生的一大问题。因此,这里君道论文的小编就和大家分享一下文献评论文章的写作技巧。

首先我们要了解什么是文献评论。文献评论有时也被叫做“source critique”. 但是,这并不意味着当同学们评价一篇期刊时,必须消极的批判它。同学们需要仔细的阅读这篇文章,近距离地分析,并对文章形成公正的评价,包括文章所涉及的积极的和消极的方面。为了保证能够达到批判性分析的目的,同学们必须要深入了解文章所要表达的内容。同时你也需要阅读一些其他的相关的材料,帮助客观分析当前的期刊论文。批判性分析是一个复杂的,认知性过程,需要同学们利用批判性的思维方式对文章进行公平的评论。具体来讲,批判性分析期刊论文需要做到下面几点:

reading the text carefully and understanding it fully

仔细阅读全文并全面理解文章内容

forming objective evaluation of the text (may need to read other sources on similar topics)

对期刊论文进行客观的评价(也许需要同学们阅读其他的材料和类似的主题)

examining each section and addressing the clarity, original approach, quality of research, strengths and weaknesses and the overall value.

检查期刊论文的每部分内容,考虑期刊论文中涉及的清晰新颖的方法 研究质量,优势与劣势,以及期刊论文整体的价值。

providing justifications to your evaluations.

对自己形成的评价进行辩论,提供强有力的辩证理由。

当然,当我们评判一篇journal时,我们可以从以下这些方面讨论(见图1)

journal aricle

了解完什么是文献评论,接下来我们来讨论如何完成一篇critical analysis of a journal article. 在开始阅读文献之前,同学们需要就文献问自己一些问题,以帮助自己更好的理解将要评论的文章,也为了完成一篇更好的文献评论。具体问题如下:

Full reference Title of the source Type of the source What is the title of the source? What does it imply? What type of source is it? When was it published? Is it an up-to-date source?
Intended audience What type of reader is the source intended for? Is the source aimed at a specialised or a general audience? Does the source provide basic, advanced, technical or general information? What is the purpose of the source: informative, instructive, persuasive or descriptive?
Relevance What is the topic of the source? Is the source relevant to your essay/module/course? Does the source provide specific enough information or is it too general?
Structure Does the source have an abstract? Is it clear? Does it summarise all sections of the source? How many sections does the source have? Are they clearly indicated? Are the research focus, research aims and objectives clearly stated and justified?
Literature Review Does the source provide completely new information based on primary research or does it repeat information from other sources – secondary research? Are references to other sources evident? Is the literature review well-structured with logical progression of ideas? Has the author used literature relevant to the research aims? Has the author discussed all key areas of the subject in sufficient detail? Has the author provided sufficient evaluative comments on the literature that was discussed? Has the author made any major assumptions?
Objectivity Is the information presented in the source factual or opinion-based? Has the information been well-researched and is it reliable or does it seem to be an opinion unsupported by evidence? Are the author‟s views similar to other writers within the same discipline or are the views profoundly different? If different, a closer critical analysis of the source should be done. Has the author provided equal amount of information for both sides of the argument or is one side more discussed than the other? If so, do you think the author might be biased? What bias can you identify – political, institutional or personal? Are there any pieces of information that have been omitted? If so, why might that be?
Methodology Methods Rationale Has the author clearly stated and justified the methodology, methods? Has the author related (provided a justification) the methodology, methods to the research aims and objectives? Has the author provided sufficient information on the methods and strategies used to carry out the research? Are they clearly explained? Has the author provided clear information on the sample used in his research and has he considered the ethics? Can you observe any issues with the methods/sample/ethical considerations? If yes/no – write about it. What alternative approaches could be suggested to conduct this particular research? Why? Would they provide better results? Has the author clearly stated any limitations of their research?
Findings Has the author clearly described the methods of analysing the data? Has the author clearly presented the results and findings? Are they major or secondary findings? Do they confirm what other authors found out or are they totally different and new? Has the author used any visuals to present the results? Are they clear? Are they the best methods to visualise the results?
Discussion and conclusions Has the data been clearly and sufficiently discussed/ interpreted?  Has the author linked their results to the research aims and objectives and the literature review? Has the author provided clear conclusions and are the conclusions based on the findings?
Writing style:   Logic Emotional language Evidence Does the author present information in a logical order? Is the text easy to read or is it confusing? Can you clearly identify main points and supporting ideas? Can you easily identify the author‟s central argument – thesis statement? Is that central argument well supported with relevant and sufficient evidence or is it just an opinion? Does the author use any statistics and examples? Are they accurate, can they be checked?
Language Has the author used clear, simple or rather sophisticated, technical and confusing language? Can you find examples of that language? Why do you think the author would use sophisticated, confusing language? Has the author used objective, cautious language (may, can, might, etc.) or have they used emotional (extremely, amazing, etc.) and very definite (something definitely is, I know something for sure, etc.) language?
Critical reviews Has this source been critically peer reviewed? Are the reviews positive? Do reviewers/critics have the same opinion about the source or is there a debate among them?

带着这些问题读完需要批判性分析的文献,相信同学们对此文献应该有了一个深入的理解。接下来,就需要开始critical analysis of a journal article的写作。当然,这里同学们最好遵循期刊的结构和标题,这样可以帮助同学们客观评价文章的所有章节。此外,当同学们在阅读文献的时候,最好在文献上做一些批注,然后根据在文献上的批注,列出文献评论文章的结构。这里,同学们就需要回顾上述列表中的问题,保证你论文的结构和主要观点符合逻辑顺序。最后同学们可以根据下述结构,开始自己critical analysis of a journal article的写作。

Introduction(First paragraph):

  • Information about the author, title of the article, type of source
  • Intended audience and the purpose of the source
  • Topic and the relevance of the source
  • Abstract and structure of the article

Main body section:

  • Literature Review
  • Objectivity
  • Methodology
  • Findings
  • Discussion and conclusions
  • Writing style
  • Language
  • Critical reviews
  • Comparison to another source (only if asked to do)

Conclusion:

  • Summary of your analysis

当你完成第一稿后,你需要认真的进行检查,包括语法,词汇,标点,拼写,观点组织和文本内引用。有一点需要注意的是,当你做critical review of a journal article时, 你要确保你的观点合乎逻辑,避免重复。如果你需要重复一些观点,尽量用不同的方式来表达这些观点—可以利用同义词或者改写等。

上述是君道论文小编对如何写critical analysis of journal article的一些建议,同学们看到这里也许会似懂非懂的。什么也不多,给大家一个具体的例子,帮助同学们更好的理解和消化君道论文小编在上述文章中提到的写作技巧和步骤:

Critical Analysis of a Research Paper

Towards an integrated contingency framework for MAS sophistication

Case studies on the scope of accounting instruments in Dutch power and gas companies

Title

The title suggests that the article will give guidance towards a contingency framework for MAS sophistication. The Contingency framework states that there is no one right way to manage an organisation, so the part “towards integrated […] framework” with the word “contingency” seems like a paradox. We feel that we might not have chosen this article if we were looking at the title only because it seemingly contradicts itself.

The group agreed that the title is quite long. We have analysed it by defining the main words of which we used the Macmillan Dictionary (2002) (See appendix B).

After understanding the words and theory explanation, the title became quite easy to understand.

Abstract and Introduction

We feel that the abstract provides concise and simple information. It is a good explanation and expansion of the title. We have chosen this article because it can be easily understood. The abstract states that many companies are being convinced to implement newly developed management accounting systems and also comments on its inappropriateness. The author states the reason for this is due to the contingency theory perspective. She also highlights that this article is based on the cases of two power and gas companies.

The introduction is interesting and very informative. It lays out very clearly what the author will discuss by dividing the article into sections and also talks about the „sophisticated‟ techniques such as ABC. She also identifies that the causes and criticism of MAS sophistication is due to the methodology of research undertaken in previous years like the cross sectional survey method.

With this mind, Tillema (2005) says that she will try to overcome the weaknesses by using different approaches of research.

This article relates to Management Accounting Systems and its instruments, contingency theory and two case companies. It is divided into 5 main sections, which helps with the reading because it is very long.

The author is an academic staff member of the Faculty of Economics at the University of Groningen, from which she graduated. She is an assistant professor in finance and management accounting and is involved in the university‟s management accounting and finance courses. Her main focus for researches is a wide area of management accounting (University of Groningen, no date).

We think that she knows the topic very well considering she teaches Management Accounting at the University. The research that she undertakes is convincingly reliable which we think is highly significant and logical as her main focus is on management accounting.

Critical Analysis

We believe that the main issue of this article is the inappropriate implementation of the MAS without taking into account the contingency theory. The author mentions that researchers found  out that the introduction of sophisticated accounting techniques was often unsuccessful due to the lack of consideration of various contingent variables. It seems that managers want to find the best way to make their specific company successful when implementing new MAS‟s. We agreed that the sophisticated techniques are dependent on the environment in which they are used and this is where contingency theory becomes very important. We think that the article highlights the problem really well and feel it is a good pointer in dealing with the contingency framework and the scope of accounting information.

Every business may introduce different accounting techniques at various levels of sophistication. Hence the need for contingent approaches i.e. what suits the organisation? This paper identifies the contingent factors for the sophistication of accounting instruments in two Dutch companies.

In addition, the author tries to answer three questions: “Which contingency factors influence the scope of accounting instruments? […] How these contingency factors interact with each other and with the various characteristic of organisations and their environment? […] Which mechanisms explain the scope of accounting instruments?” We think that the author writes the article answering the three questions whilst explaining her findings which she summarises really well.

The author‟s intention is to improve awareness about contingency theory by describing its factors with reference to the two case studies. We think that the target audience are all people interested in management accounting as well as students.

Research

We think that the author has provided a research framework in a positive way because it is highly detailed and could be helpful in guiding further research. This framework was planned in three stages.

In the first stage, the author used the two largest Dutch power and gas companies to support her study. Here, she mentioned that her main reason were changes in the scope of accounting instruments in a short period of time within the companies. The change of accounting instruments used occurred respectively with regard to the company‟s structures.

In the second stage, she collected data through interviews. The data were then compared for verification to the data from document analysis which we think is a better research method.

compared to sending postal questionnaires. The process of the interview was well carried out in the sense that the accountant of a specific department was interviewed before the managing director of that department.

The final stage was data analysis which was done in two stages: the first was within-case analysis and the second cross-case analysis. Each within-case analysis started by sorting out the case company‟s past, current and future accounting instrument regarding their scope. We all agreed that the method used for the research was efficient and substantial.

Results

The result from the empirical research indicates that nine contingency factors have a direct influence on the scope of accounting instruments. The author relates the existence of contingency factors (appendix C) with different level of the organisation (beyond-organisation, organisation and sub-units, operating task, accounting tasks).

Beyond the organisational level, the author revealed that regulations, accounting innovations and trends will influence the scope of accounting instruments used by organisations. She supported this assertion by defining the adoption of management accounting techniques such as balance score card, the economic value added activity and shareholders‟ value. However, we feel that it would have been very helpful if the author tells us in this paper the effects of the adoption of these instruments on the performance of those Dutch companies and support them with some financial data.

The author relates the two Dutch companies with willingness or potential willingness to embrace broader accounting instruments by their shift from a more focus on “implicit non-financial measure” (Tillema, 2005) to a more financial performance related behaviour. Here we feel that the author is trying to convince us that the change of a company financial objective should always be followed by its shift to the accounting instruments used. We can justify this statement on the basis of the two case studies.

At the operating task level, the author defined the visibility of financial consequences of the operating task as a factor that influences the scope of accounting instruments. This is because it gives detailed information on the cost incurred with the activities of those companies.

With regard to the complexity of operating tasks, the author thinks that it may, in certain circumstance, be subjective to influence the scope of accounting instruments. For instance cost- benefit analysis may imply the use of average or broad accounting instruments whereas restricting costs or expenditures may imply the use of narrow accounting instruments (Tillema, 2005). In addition, we understand from the case that in the dynamic environment, acceptable forecast of the future financial situation requires investigations of the financial consequences on the possible future market circumstances. Another example is that the case companies introduced several broad scope instruments since their environments have become far more dynamic. This was due to the liberalisation of the energy market and the introduction of external telecommunications products.

At the accounting task level, the empirical research revealed two factors as direct consequences of the type of accounting instruments used in the companies‟ accounting instruments. These factors are: the significance of accounting instruments and the clarity of accounting instruments. According to the author one of the case companies‟ that is concerned with only energy supply experienced low cost in its decision making which was done in a low frequency base using narrow accounting instruments. Moreover the author related the use of this narrow accounting instrument in the event of uncertainty of financial consequences of a decision.

The author informs us only about some facts related to the case companies. It would be better to have some practical examples on the financial performance of the companies. It would support managers when making decisions in the future.

Conclusion and Discussion

We think that the conclusion is pretty much straight to the point defining outcomes of the research. She answers well, in our opinion, all three questions from the introduction. She says that scope of accounting instruments is influenced by many of the contingency factors and there are few factors, which communicate with institutional context of these instruments.

The author recognised that the other research methods used in other case studies i.e. (cross sectional) are considered as inadequate by academics but has produced one consistent variable (dynamism of the environment). We think this is an important factor as other research has proved this to be a common factor including the comparison article by Abdel-Kadera and Luther (2008).

This article based on two case studies shown “the relationship between a known contingency factor and the scope of MAS” (Tillema, 2005).

As a group, we thought this article has been written with precision having carried out extensive research and taken into consideration other factors like the mindset of managers and accountants with personal face to face interviews.

The author suggests areas of improvement and also gives own recommendations on her article. She suggests how her research paper could be improved by investigating whether the contingency framework developed in this paper is useful in explaining the scope of the accounting instruments of organisations that were not included in the empirical research. We could not agree more with this statement because by doing so, it enriches the article and adds more substance to it. Evidently, this has been carried out in the comparison article; here they carry out the research on the food and drinks Industry.

Another suggestion she makes is to find contingency factors at the individual level of analysis.

Overall, a very good article, it covers a lot of factors and explains the points concisely based on extensive research and case studies about the sophistication of MAS in relation to contingency theory. Not only does the article do this well but the author also recommends ways in which it could be better understood.

Comparison to another article

„The Impact of Firm Characteristics on Management Accounting Practices: A UK-based Empirical Analysis‟ by Abdel-Kadera and Luther (2008) is the article we have chosen for comparison.

This article was chosen because the topics are similar. It attempts to explain why firms adopt different management accounting techniques, particularly in the UK. The article by Tillema (2005) has also been referenced in support to their article because it explains same issues in relation to the contingency theory and management accounting sophistication. It is a more recent version compared to the article by Tillema (2005) and also looks at a different type of manufacturing industry.

This article uses empirical research meaning the data is based on experiments and observation as well as interviews much like Tillema (2005) did. However, we think there is a weakness in the way the research was conducted. Much of the empirical data was done through postal questionnaires and a limited number of face to face interviews were carried out (Abdel-Kadera and Luther, 2008). Whereas Tillema research methodology is more efficient and gives a better view on the various aspects of difference in management accounting practises; it is precise and more accurate.

Both articles come to a conclusion that difference arise in management accounting practises and MA sophistication because of the external environment and operating activities. Abdel-Kadera and Luther go further by stating that customer power, decentralisation and size also affect the accounting practices. (Appendix A)

We feel that the article by Tillema is very evident and well researched. It has an edge over this article and that is why she has been referenced extensively. We also think that both articles have a common conclusion with slight differences and additions being made in this article.

Appendix A

Appendix A

Appendix B

Towards:      nearer to a particular result used for showing how a process is developing in a way that will produce a particular result

Integrated:   combining things, people, or ideas of different types in one effective unit, group, or system

Sophistication:the quality of knowing and understanding a lot about a complicated subject Scope:   the things that a particular activity, organisation or subject deals with

Appendix C

Contingency factors:

Accounting innovations and trends

regulations,

importance of financial objectives,

interaction between organization and organizational parts,

the visibility of operating task,

the complexity of operating task,

the dynamism of the environments,

The significances of financial consequences

the clarity of financial consequences

References

Abdel-Kader, M., & Luther, R. (2008). The impact of firm characteristics on management accounting practices: A UK-based empirical analysis. The British Accounting Review, 40(1), 2-27. doi:10.1016/j.bar.2007.11.003

Kaplan, R.S. (1986). Accounting lag: The obsolescence of Cost Accounting Systems. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Rundell, M. (2007). Macmillan English dictionary for Advanced Learners. Oxford: Macmillan.

Tillema, S. (2005). Towards an integrated contingency framework from MAS sophistication: Case studies on the scope of accounting instruments in Dutch power and gas companies. Management Accounting Research, 16(1), 101.

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一篇高分report的必要结构

高分report

Report(报告)也是留学生们经常会遇到的一种论文形式。同学们会经常搞混essay和report,无法正确的区分二者。今天君道论文小编就和讨论一下,与essay相比,report结构的不同之处。

总的来讲,Report通常以简短,精确和简明的段落来表达文章的内容,旨在分析和报告调研结果(A report is a type of academic assignment that presents information in short, precise and concise paragraphs to report and analyse the findings)。Report通常是由多个部分构成,每个部分都需要有标题(headings)和副标题 (subheadings), 要点(bullet points)或者标题数字(Numbers), 这样同学们才能清楚的组织文章思想逻辑和段落。每个部分根据其写作目的的不同,是会有不同的写作风格。一般来讲,主要有三种:解释(explanatory),描述(descriptive),分析(analytical)。其次,一篇report需要包含图形(Graphs),图表(Charts),表格(Tables)等,这样同学们才能既简明又生动的为读者呈现报告的内容,而不是用冗长的描述性方式。此外,一篇report需要包含建议部分(recommendation section)。建议部分必须是基于研究的结果来撰写,主要是为未来的行为提供建议。

下面,我们来具体说明report论文的不同之处。写过报告的留学生们会发现,大部分的report作业要求都会为将要研究的问题提供一个特殊的情景和脚本。比如:“You are a manufacturing manager of the H&M clothing company. Recently, your department has been engaged in a new project on how to improve the production process within the company. You need to write a report to the Board of Directors describing the project you were involved in, including methods of conducting the project, findings, explanations of findings and recommendations for improvements”对于此类report要求,同学们需要在情境中快速找到关键问题之所在。同学们可以通过“How”“what”等疑问词快速找到问题的所在。比如上述情景,我们可以发现,老师想要同学们解决的问题为“how to improve the production process within the company”. 也就是,老师为如何完善生产工艺这个问题提供了一个脚本,而同学们作为服装业的生产经理需要提出一个行之有效的办法来解决这个问题。老师之所以给出情景是为了帮助同学们将理论概念和实际相结合,更加投入的进行问题的调研。当然,除了提供脚本,另外还有一种report作业要求形式,便是直接给出问题。比如,“Produce a report examining the impact the last recession had on UK airports.” 对于此类report论文的写作要求,同学们就需要迅速找到key words,以及他们之间的关系。比如上述题目,同学们可以发现此题目的关键词为“the last recession” “impact” and “UK airports”. 因此,对于此篇论文,同学们就需要探讨至少以下三个问题:最近经济衰退对顾客和飞机吞吐量的影响(The effect on passenger and freight throughput),最近经济衰退和航空运输经济周期之间的关系(The relationship between the last recession and the economic cycles that can be identified in air transport),经济衰退后航空运输业的发展(Developments in the industry after the recession)。

了解完report论文的问题形式,接下来君道小编进入到report论文结构的重点讨论。Report一般包含title page, 内容提要(executive summary), 引言(introduction),主体部分(subject sections),研究方法(methods), 结果(results),讨论(discussions),结论和建议 (conclusions and recommendations),附件(appendices)和参考文献(references list)(如图1)。内容提要主要是总结研究的主要结果,结论和建议。引言部分主要是表明文章想要达到的目的和报告主要包含的内容。在引言中,文章必须对报告的背景进行简单描述,并给出报告的研究目的和目标。对于文章的主题部分,需要利用合适的标题把文章分成不同的部分。此外,每篇报告的写作要求都是不同的,所以会需要不同的标题。同学们在开始列结构之前一定要认真阅读report写作要求。结论和建议部分是总结研究重要的关键点,并基于结论提出合理的建议。附件主要包含文章中用到的数据,图标,计算公式等。参考文献需要包含所有在report正文中用到的文献。这里要注意,要使用正确的文献格式,通常来讲,一般有APA格式和Harvard格式,具体同学们可根据自身学校的要求决定。

图1—Structure of report writing

这里我们以商科学生为例,为同学们提供两个具体的report结构:

  1. Structure for Business report

题目页(Title page

姓名(Name), 学号(student number), 科目名字(module name), 课程代码(module code)和导师姓名( tutor’s name).

内容提要(Executive summary)

简要总结主要调查结果,结论和建议(Brief summary of main findings, conclusion and recommendations.)

Table of contents

Introduction(引言)

概述论文将要涉及的内容,以什么样的逻辑进行,开展此论文的原因,以及报告涉及的相关研究背景(Outline what you will be writing about, in what order and why, with very brief relevant background information.)

Discussion(讨论)

讨论关键内容,研究结果,以及阐述相关结果(Discussion of key areas, findings, explanation of the results)

总结(Conclusion

总结报告得出的关键结论 (Summarise the key points of what has been found out.)

建议(Recommendations

基于研究结果,为未来的行动提出可行性建议。这部分可以包含在conclusion里,也可以作为独立的章节存在。具体根据老师要求进行(Based on the findings, write recommendations for future action. This could be included within the conclusion section or it may be a separate section. Refer to your assignment brief or ask your tutor for guidelines.)

附件(Appendices

文章中出现的数据,图表和计算公式等(Any extra information that did not fit in the main body of the report. Any charts, graphs or calculations. Each appendix should be numbered e.g. Appendix 1, it should also have a title and a reference.)

参考文献(References

Report正文中用到的所有文献;要注意文献的额引用方式(APA/Harvard)(Books, articles, journals or texts that have been used as source material.)

2.Structure for Research report

Title page:

Name, student number, module name, module code and tutor’s name.

Executive Summary (Abstract): may be optional

Brief summary of main findings, conclusion and recommendations.

Table of contents:

一.Introduction:

Outline what you will be writing about, in what order and why, with relevant background information.

二.Main body sections: Report and analyse what was done and make sure evidence is included. Organise ideas into sections – use headings and subheadings:

1. 文献综述(Literature Review:

1.1 Subject section

1.2 Subject section

2. 方法论(Methodology

2.1 How you did your research(如何做研究)

2.2 How you collected data(如何收集数据)

3. Results and findings

3.1 Description of the results + visuals

4. Discussion

4.1 Discussion of key areas, explanation of the results

三.Conclusion:

Summarise the key points of what has been found out.

四.Recommendations:

Based on the findings, write recommendations for future action. This could be included within the conclusion section or it may be a separate section. Refer to your assignment brief or ask your tutor for guidelines.

五.Appendices:

Any extra information that did not fit in the main body of the report. Any charts, graphs or calculations. Each appendix should be numbered e.g. Appendix 1, it should also have a title and a reference.

六.References:

Books, articles, journals or texts that have been used as source material.

文章至此,相信同学们对于report的结构应该有了一个深入的理解。但是,在上文中,君道论文小编提到了essay与report的不同,所以为了进一步加深同学们对report论文结构的理解,这里君道小编就essay的structure和report的structure做对比,帮助同学们迅速掌握report的结构

Difference between report writing and essay writing
An Essay(论文) A report (报告)
Presents a point of view (给出问题观点) Presents information (给出问题的背景信息等)
Describes an opinion and analyses it(描述观点并分析) Describes findings and analyses them (描述结果并分析)
Is written in formal style and single narrative voice from beginning to end (检查文章从头至尾是否使用的单一叙事手法) Is written in a formal style and in sections which may use different styles of writing (不同的部分会使用不同的写作风格)
Ideas linked into cohesive paragraphs (观点和段落紧密结合) Short, concise and precise paragraphs (要求段落要简短,简明,意思精确)
Uses mostly full sentences to articulate points of view (主要利用段落首句来表明观点) Uses headings, sub-headings and bullet points/numbers/letters to articulate the information (利用标题,副标题等明确有力的展示信息,表达观点)
Rarely includes visuals (很少包含图形) Usually includes visuals, e.g.graphs, diagrams, charts (经常使用图形表达,例如图形,图表,表格)
Finishes with a conclusions (文章结尾处总结观点) May be followed by recommendations (文章最后很根据分析和结论,就某一问题提出发展建议)

当然,不同学校的课程对report的要求会有细微的差别,小编上诉所说的report结构只是对report结构的一个说明,但并不是每个学校必须遵循的结构标准。这就需要同学们认真阅读学校关于report作业的作业简述,和建议结构等要求,结合君道论文小编给出的论文结构,融会贯通,列出符合自己report写作要求的论文。

此外,君道论文小编还要和大家说一下,上述文章结构中提到的writing style问题。Reports在不同的部分,基于不同的写作目的,会使用不同的写作风格(different styles of writing)(如图2)。通常情况下,Introduction部分会运用解释(explanatory),以清楚的给出报告展开的背景和目标。方法论通常会运用事实性描述(descriptive),客观的给出报告研究的结果和结论。讨论部分通常会运用分析(analytical)的写作手法。通过分析的手法,把复杂的现象分解成许多简单组成部分,分别进行研究,找出事物的内在矛盾,并对矛盾的各个方面进行深入研究。剔除那些偶然的、非本质的东西,抽象出必然的、本质的因素,并由此得出一些反映本质的简单规定,以把握矛盾的各个方面的特殊性。

图2 corresponding writing style for difference report sections

其次,Report 通常会使用被动式来表达需要采取的研究活动和报告研究的结果。这是因为被动式更加的正式,更加的适合学术写作。比如:The experiment was conducted (Passive voice);it is found out that … …。此外,report应该使用简短,精炼的句子。此外同学们写作report时,还需注意:

the past tense(一般过去时) when you are reporting on something that happened in the past.

the present tense(现在时) when you are reporting other authors’ research.

the present tense(现在时) when you are explaining the results of your research.

以上就是君道论文小编整理的关于国外Report写作的一些结构上的建议。Report论文写作不是那么的容易,写好一篇论文不仅需要对专业知识有一定的深入了解,还需要掌握一定的写作技巧。掌握了report论文的写作结构,可以有效的帮助留学生,尤其是刚进入大学的留学生获得高分。